Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukungena kanye nomthelela we-nanotechnology kwezokwelapha, i-bioengineering kanye nekhemisi kuye kwabonakala.I-Nanotechnology inenzuzo engenakubuyiseleka ekhemisi, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni yokulethwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlosiwe nezasendaweni, ukulethwa kwezidakamizwa ze-mucosal, ukwelashwa kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nokukhululwa okulawulwayo kwamaprotheni ne-polypeptide.

Izidakamizwa kumafomu omthamo ojwayelekile asabalaliswa kuwo wonke umzimba ngemva kokujova ngomthambo, ngomlomo noma wendawo, futhi inani lezidakamizwa ezifinyelela endaweni okuhloswe ngayo ukwelashwa liyingxenye encane yomthamo, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezidakamizwa eziningi ezindaweni okungahlosiwe. ayigcini nje ngokuba nomphumela wokwelapha, izoletha nemiphumela emibi enobuthi.Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwamafomu amasha omthamo wezidakamizwa sekuphenduke inkomba yokuthuthukiswa kwekhemisi lesimanje, futhi ucwaningo ngohlelo oluqondiwe lokulethwa kwezidakamizwa (TDDS) seluphenduke indawo eshisayo ocwaningweni lwasekhemisi.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezidakamizwa ezilula, abathwali bezidakamizwa ze-nano bangathola ukwelashwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlosiwe.Ukulethwa kwezidakamizwa okuhlosiwe kubhekisela ohlelweni lokulethwa kwezidakamizwa olusiza abathwali, ama-ligand noma amasosha omzimba ukuze ukhethe ngokukhetha izidakamizwa ukuze ziqondise izicubu, izitho eziqondiwe, amaseli okuqondiwe noma izakhiwo ezingaphakathi kwe-intracellular ngokuphathwa kwendawo noma ukujikeleza kwegazi okuhlelekile.Ngaphansi kwesenzo sendlela ethile yokuqondisa, isithwali sesidakamizwa se-nano siletha umuthi endaweni ethile eqondiwe futhi sisebenzisa umphumela wokwelapha.Ingakwazi ukuzuza umuthi osebenzayo onomthamo omncane, imiphumela engemihle ephansi, umphumela wezidakamizwa oqhubekayo, i-bioavailability ephezulu, nokugcinwa kwesikhathi eside komthelela wokugxilisa ingqondo kulokho okuhlosiwe.

Amalungiselelo ahlosiwe ikakhulukazi amalungiselelo okuthwala, asebenzisa kakhulu izinhlayiya ze-ultrafine, ezingaqoqa ngokukhetha lezi zinhlayiya ezihlakazekile esibindini, ubende, i-lymph nezinye izingxenye ngenxa yemiphumela engokomzimba neyokuphila emzimbeni.I-TDDS isho uhlobo olusha lohlelo lokulethwa kwezidakamizwa olungagxilisa futhi lwenze izidakamizwa ezithishu ezigulayo, izitho, amaseli noma amaseli angaphakathi ngokujikeleza kwegazi lendawo noma lesistimu.

Amalungiselelo emithi ye-Nano ahlosiwe.Bangakwazi ukugxilisa izidakamizwa endaweni okuqondiswe kuyo ngokunomthelela omncane ezithweni ezingahlosiwe.Bangathuthukisa ukusebenza kwezidakamizwa futhi banciphise imiphumela emibi yesistimu.Athathwa njengamafomu afaneleka kakhulu omthamo wokuphatha izidakamizwa ezilwa nomdlavuza.Njengamanje, eminye imikhiqizo ehlosiwe yokulungiselela i-nano isemakethe, futhi inani elikhulu lamalungiselelo e-nano ahlosiwe asesigabeni socwaningo, anamathemba abanzi okusebenza ekwelashweni kwesimila.

Izici zamalungiselelo ahloselwe i-nano:

⊙ Ukukhomba: umuthi ugxile endaweni okuhlosiwe;

⊙ Yehlisa umthamo wemithi;

⊙ Thuthukisa umphumela wokwelapha;

⊙ Yehlisa imiphumela emibi yezidakamizwa. 

Umthelela wokukhomba we-nano-preparations ohlosiwe unokuhlobana okukhulu nosayizi wezinhlayiyana zokulungiselela.Izinhlayiya ezinosayizi ongaphansi kuka-100nm zinganqwabelana emnkantsheni;izinhlayiya ze-100-200nm zingathuthukiswa ezindaweni eziqinile zesimila;kuyilapho i-0.2-3um ithathwa ngama-macrophages ku-spleen;izinhlayiya> 7 μm ngokuvamile zivaleleka umbhede we-capillary yamaphaphu futhi zifake izicubu zamaphaphu noma i-alveoli.Ngakho-ke, amalungiselelo e-nano ahlukene abonisa imiphumela ehlukene yokukhomba ngenxa yomehluko esimweni sokuba khona kwezidakamizwa, njengosayizi wezinhlayiyana kanye nokushajwa kwendawo. 

Izithwali ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekwakheni ama-nano-platforms ahlanganisiwe wokuxilongwa okuhlosiwe kanye nokwelashwa kufaka phakathi:

(1) Abathwali be-Lipid, njengama-liposome nanoparticles;

(2) Izithwali ze-polymer, njenge-polymer dendrimers, ama-micelles, ama-polymer vesicles, ama-block copolymers, izinhlayiya ze-protein nano;

(3) Izithwali ze-Inorganic, njengezinhlayiya ezisekelwe ku-nano silicon, ama-nanoparticles asekelwe ku-carbon, ama-nanoparticles azibuthe, ama-nanoparticles ensimbi, nama-nanomaterials akhuphukayo, njll..

Izimiso ezilandelayo zivame ukulandelwa ekukhetheni abathwali be-nano:

(1) Izinga eliphezulu lokulayisha izidakamizwa nezici zokukhululwa ezilawulwayo;

(2) Ubuthi obuphansi bebhayoloji futhi akukho ukuphendula kwe-basal immune;

(3) Inokuqina okuhle kwe-colloidal kanye nokuzinza komzimba;

(4) Ukulungiselela okulula, ukukhiqiza kalula ngezinga elikhulu, nezindleko eziphansi 

I-Nano Gold Targeted Therapy

Igolide(Au) nanoparticlesbabe nokuzwela kahle kwemisebe kanye nezakhiwo zokubona, ezingasetshenziswa kahle ekwelashweni kwe-radiotherapy okuhlosiwe.Ngokuklama okuhle, izinhlayiya zegolide ze-nano zinganqwabelana kahle zibe izicubu zesimila.Ama-au nanoparticles angathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe kule ndawo, futhi angaguqula amandla okukhanya okumuncwe abe ukushisa ukuze abulale amangqamuzana omdlavuza endaweni.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izidakamizwa ebusweni bezinhlayiya ze-nano Au nazo zingakhululwa endaweni, zithuthukise umphumela wokwelapha. 

Ama-nanoparticles angabuye aqondiswe ngokomzimba.Ama-nanopowder alungiswa ngokugoqa izidakamizwa nezinto ze-ferromagnetic, kanye nokusebenzisa amandla kazibuthe ku-vitro ukuqondisa umnyakazo oqondile kanye nokwenza kwasendaweni kwezidakamizwa emzimbeni.Izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kazibuthe, njenge-Fe₂O₃, ziye zacutshungulwa ngokuhlanganisa i-mitoxantrone ne-dextran bese izisonga nge-Fe₂O₃ ukulungisa ama-nanoparticles.Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pharmacokinetic kwenziwa kumagundane.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ama-nanoparticles aqondiswe ngozibuthe angafika ngokushesha futhi ahlale endaweni yesimila, ukuhlangana kwezidakamizwa eziqondiswe ngozibuthe endaweni yesimila kuphakeme kunalokho okusezicubu ezivamile nasegazini.

Fe₃O₄kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi ayinabo ubuthi futhi iyahambisana ne-biocompatible.Ngokusekelwe ezintweni eziyingqayizivele zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, ezishisayo nezikazibuthe, i-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles inamandla amakhulu okusetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ye-biomedical, njengokulebula kwamaseli, okuhlosiwe kanye njengethuluzi locwaningo lwe-cell ecology, ukwelashwa kwamaseli okufana nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. kanye nokuhlanzwa;ukulungiswa kwezicubu;ukulethwa kwezidakamizwa;imaging ye-nuclear magnetic resonance;ukwelashwa kwe-hyperthermia yamangqamuzana omdlavuza, njll.

Ama-Carbon nanotubes(CNTs)ibe nesakhiwo esingenalutho esiyingqayizivele kanye nama-diameter angaphakathi nangaphandle, angakha amandla amahle kakhulu okungena kwamaseli futhi angasetshenziswa njengama-nanocarriers ezidakamizwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-carbon nanotubes nawo anomsebenzi wokuhlola izimila futhi adlala indima enhle ekumaka.Isibonelo, ama-carbon nanotubes adlala indima ekuvikeleni izindlala ze-parathyroid ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa kwegilo.Ingasetshenziswa futhi njengomaka wama-lymph nodes ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, futhi inomsebenzi wemithi yokwelapha ngamakhemikhali ekhishwa kancane, ehlinzeka ngamathemba abanzi okuvimbela nokwelashwa kwe-metastasis yomdlavuza we-colorectal.

Ukufingqa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-nanotechnology emkhakheni wezokwelapha kanye nekhemisi kunethemba eliqhakazile, futhi kuzodala inguquko entsha yezobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wezokwelapha kanye nekhemisi, ukuze kwenziwe iminikelo emisha ekuthuthukiseni impilo yabantu kanye nekhwalithi ukuphila.